Sometime around 1700, a fourth key (G♯) was added, and it was for this type of instrument that composers such as Antonio Vivaldi, Bach, and Georg Philipp Telemann wrote their demanding music. . These bassoons are made with a "Wagner bell" which is an extended bell with a key for both the low A and the low B-flat, but they are not widespread; bassoons with Wagner bells suffer similar intonational problems as a bassoon with an ordinary A extension, and a bassoon must be constructed specifically to accommodate one, making the extension option far less complicated. Less-expensive models are also made of materials such as polypropylene and ebonite, primarily for student and outdoor use. The bassoonist may also produce lower notes than the bottom B♭ by extending the length of bell. The bassoon sanctuary | Double Reed Ltd Just like the elephant, the bassoon is long-lived. In the 1960s, Giles Brindley began to develop what he called the "logical bassoon", which aimed to improve intonation and evenness of tone through use of an electrically activated mechanism, making possible key combinations too complex for the human hand to manage. Where every need is attended to, every adjustment made and everything becomes whole again. The bassoon is a woodwind instrument in the double reed family that plays music written in the bass and tenor clefs, and occasionally the treble. The walls of the bassoon are thicker at various points along the bore; here, the tone holes are drilled at an angle to the axis of the bore, which reduces the distance between the holes on the exterior. Antonio Vivaldi brought the bassoon to prominence by featuring it in 37 concerti for the instrument. Increased sophistication, both in manufacturing techniques and acoustical knowledge, made possible great improvements in the instrument's playability. Antonio Vivaldi composed a vast amount of concertos for a range of different instruments. By the mid-18th century, the bassoon's function in the orchestra was still mostly limited to that of a continuo instrument—since scores often made no specific mention of the bassoon, its use was implied, particularly if there were parts for oboes or other winds. The Belgian Rock in Opposition-band Univers Zero is also known for its use of the bassoon. However, the upper ring-finger key can be used, typically for B♭2 and B♭3, in place of the top thumb key on the front of the boot joint; this key comes from the oboe, and some bassoons do not have it because the thumb fingering is practically universal. The upper key is used for E♭2, E4, F4, F♯4, A4, B♭4, B4, C5, C♯5, and D5; it flattens G3 and is the standard fingering for it in many places that tune to lower Hertz levels such as A440. Double Hollow Ground Reed Knife. The lower part is sealed (a nitrocellulose-based cement such as Duco may be used) and then wrapped with thread to ensure both that no air leaks out through the bottom of the reed and that the reed maintains its shape. This is sometimes called the "European style"; venting raises the intonation of the notes slightly, and it can be advantageous when tuning to higher frequencies. The introduction of contrabassoon around this time, along with lower horn writing and expanded lower brass, also alleviated the bassoons (particularly the principal) of the need to serve as a bass. Five additional keys on the front are controlled by the little fingers of each hand. "The Modern Orchestra: A Creation of the Late Eighteenth Century." Because its mechanism is primitive compared to most modern woodwinds, makers have occasionally attempted to "reinvent" the bassoon. Coming into the 20th century, the Heckel-style German model of bassoon dominated the field. 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