Along with potassium, many important medicines have sodium added to improve their bioavailability; though potassium is the better ion in most cases, sodium is chosen for its lower price and atomic weight. Valence electrons are the outermost electrons, and are the ones involved in bonding. The more efficiently the cathode shuttles those electrons toward and backward versus the anode, the better the battery works. For the nutrient commonly called sodium, see, "Natrium" redirects here. [88] The US FDA states that adults with hypertension and prehypertension should reduce daily sodium intake to 1.5 g.[87], The renin–angiotensin system regulates the amount of fluid and sodium concentration in the body. [41] Sodium's estimated oceanic abundance is 1.08×104 milligrams per liter. Neutral atoms can be turned into positively charged ions by removing one or more electrons. If sodium loses an electron, it now has 11 protons, 11 neutrons, and only 10 electrons, leaving it with an overall charge of +1. The electrostatic attraction between the positives and negatives brings the particles together and creates an ionic compound, such as sodium chloride. Given below are the properties of sodium. The electron configuration of neutral Na is 1s22s22p63s1 but in Na+ it loses one electron, so it has a new electron configuration of 1s22s22p6 means Na+ has (2+6=8) outermost electrons which makes it stable. Alfred Klemm, Gabriele Hartmann, Ludwig Lange, "Sodium and Sodium Alloys" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. Levels of 7 g per day or more in people with hypertension were associated with higher mortality and cardiovascular events, but this was not found to be true for people without hypertension. Note the free element is not used as a scaling agent, ions in the water are exchanged for sodium ions. Natron historically had several important industrial and household uses, later eclipsed by other sodium compounds. When the sodium atom releases an electron, it will not have 8 valence electrons in the outer shell that makes it stable. Electrons are negatively charged, while protons are positively charged. Sodium chloride is extensively used for anti-icing and de-icing and as a preservative; examples of the uses of sodium bicarbonate include baking, as a raising agent, and sodablasting. Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): The Formation of a Sodium Ion. An atom of Sodium in the gas phase, for example, gives off energy when it gains an electron to form an ion of Sodium. In which Year did physics education came to Liberia? In a liquid state, sodium is completely miscible with lead. [44], Sodium has also been detected in numerous Solar System environments, including Mercury's atmosphere,[45] the exosphere of the Moon,[46] and numerous other bodies. (9 p + 10 e- = -1). The sodium ion still has 11 protons (11 positive charges) but now only 10 electrons (10 negative charges). An ion is formed when a neutral atom or molecule losses or gains one or more electrons. After a while, it glowed a bright yellow and showed a strong sodium line that disappeared only after 10 minutes. The size of sodium ion is smaller than sodium atom. • In other words, the valence shell/ last shell of sodium atom has only one electron. [105], This article is about the chemical element. [86][87]), One study found that people with or without hypertension who excreted less than 3 grams of sodium per day in their urine (and therefore were taking in less than 3 g/d) had a higher risk of death, stroke, or heart attack than those excreting 4 to 5 grams per day. How old was queen elizabeth 2 when she became queen? • Sodium ion has obtained a stable electronic configuration by giving out one electron from the sodium atom. Reduction of blood pressure and sodium concentration in the kidney result in the production of renin, which in turn produces aldosterone and angiotensin, which stimulates the reabsorption of sodium back into the bloodstream. A sodium ion (Na+) contains 10 electrons, 11 protons, and 12 neutrons. [62] By itself or with potassium, sodium is a desiccant; it gives an intense blue coloration with benzophenone when the desiccate is dry. It is now referred to as a sodium ion. [17] In compounds, sodium is usually ionically bonded to water and anions and is viewed as a hard Lewis acid. If sodium loses an electron, it now has 11 protons, 11 neutrons, and only 10 electrons, leaving it with an overall charge of +1. Humphry Davy (1809) "Ueber einige neue Erscheinungen chemischer Veränderungen, welche durch die Electricität bewirkt werden; insbesondere über die Zersetzung der feuerbeständigen Alkalien, die Darstellung der neuen Körper, welche ihre Basen ausmachen, und die Natur der Alkalien überhaupt" (On some new phenomena of chemical changes that are achieved by electricity; particularly the decomposition of flame-resistant alkalis [i.e., alkalies that cannot be reduced to their base metals by flames], the preparation of new substances that constitute their [metallic] bases, and the nature of alkalies generally), sixth most abundant element in the Earth's crust, "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)", Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, "Determination of Sodium with Ion-Selective Electrodes", "On some new phenomena of chemical changes produced by electricity, particularly the decomposition of the fixed alkalies, and the exhibition of the new substances which constitute their bases; and on the general nature of alkaline bodies", "Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen", "How surface composition and meteoroid impacts mediate sodium and potassium in the lunar exosphere", 10.1002/0471238961.1915040912051311.a01.pub3, "Los Alamos National Laboratory – Sodium", American Society for Testing and Materials, "Laser Development for Sodium Laser Guide Stars at ESO", "Über das Zustandsdiagramm der Kalium-Natriumlegierungen", "Sodium and Potassium Quick Health Facts", U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, "The links between sodium, potassium, and your blood pressure", "Impact of dietary and lifestyle factors on the prevalence of hypertension in Western populations", "Global burden of blood-pressure-related disease, 2001", "Use the Nutrition Facts Label to Reduce Your Intake of Sodium in Your Diet", "Manganese Nutrition and Photosynthesis in NAD-malic enzyme C4 plants PhD dissertation", Hazard Rating Information for NFPA Fire Diamonds, http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~pbs/2013-An-et-al-FSJ.pdf, Etymology of "natrium" – source of symbol Na, The Wooden Periodic Table Table's Entry on Sodium, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodium&oldid=998514226, Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 5 January 2021, at 18:44. Here are some extra tidbits about ions: 1. [83] It has been estimated that such a decrease in sodium intake would lead to between 9 and 17% fewer cases of hypertension. asked Jan 17, 2019 in Class X Science by aditya23 ( -2,145 points) the … An effective extinguishing agent for sodium fires is Met-L-X. Sodium and potassium form KNa2 and NaK. Therefore , the electron configuration of the sodium ion … A.-2 B.+1 C.+2 C D.-1. • Sodium ion has a +1 charge whereas sodium atom is neutral. [34][35] In 1809, the German physicist and chemist Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert proposed the names Natronium for Humphry Davy's "sodium" and Kalium for Davy's "potassium". Particles with opposite charges (+ and –) attract, while particles with the same charge (+ and + or – and –) repel. The name sodium is thought to originate from the Arabic suda, meaning headache, as the headache-alleviating properties of sodium carbonate or soda were well known in early times. Sodium atoms have 11 electrons, one more than the stable configuration of the noble gas neon. All Rights Reserved. Why don't libraries smell like bookstores? Neutral atoms can be turned into positively charged ions by removing one or more electrons. By removing an electron from this atom we get a positively charged Na + ion that has a net charge of +1. In the case of massive (non-molten) pieces of sodium, the reaction with oxygen eventually becomes slow due to formation of a protective layer. The bonding in NaCl is termed as electrovalent or ionic bonding. [17], Like all the alkali metals, sodium reacts exothermically with water. A metal reacts with a nonmetal to form an ionic bond. Sodium soaps have a higher melting temperature (and seem "harder") than potassium soaps. The ion has an excess of electrons, which causes the ion to decrease in size. electron, which it loses to form a +1 ion (Na+). But in sodium ion the last shell has 8 electrons. On the right, the sodium ion only has 10 electrons and a 1+ charge. A neutral sodium atom is likely to achieve an octet in its outermost shell by losing its one valence electron. [39], Sodium imparts an intense yellow color to flames. The size of sodium ion is smaller than sodium … The electronic configuration of a sodium atom is 2.8.1 Sodium oxide, Na2O, is an ionic compound formed when sodium reacts with oxygen. Sodium ion (Na+ ion) has 10 electrons with 2,8 electrons in the two shells or with an electronic configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6. [56] This method is less expensive than the previous Castner process (the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide). [73] In this case, the pyrophoricity of potassium requires extra precautions to prevent and detect leaks. As calcium is less electropositive than sodium, no calcium will be deposited at the cathode. [103] Fire extinguishers based on water accelerate sodium fires; those based on carbon dioxide and bromochlorodifluoromethane should not be used on sodium fire. For example, sodium has one valence electron in its outermost shell, so in ionized form it is commonly found with one lost electron, as Na+. The sodium atom loses its outer electron to become a sodium ion. [19], Sodium tends to form water-soluble compounds, such as halides, sulfates, nitrates, carboxylates and carbonates. [64] Sodium reacts with alcohol and gives alkoxides, and when sodium is dissolved in ammonia solution, it can be used to reduce alkynes to trans-alkenes. If sodium loses an electron, it now has 11 protons, 11 neutrons, and only 10 electrons, leaving it with an overall charge of +1. D. The atom has a more equal distribution of charge. [16] Sodium is also used as an alloying metal, an anti-scaling agent,[61] and as a reducing agent for metals when other materials are ineffective. When the sodium atom releases an electron, it will not have 8 valence electrons in the outer shell that makes it stable. [71] Radioactive sodium-24 may be produced by neutron bombardment during operation, posing a slight radiation hazard; the radioactivity stops within a few days after removal from the reactor. [101] Metal fires are Class D, but not all Class D extinguishers are workable with sodium. [76], Sodium chloride is the principal source of sodium in the diet, and is used as seasoning and preservative in such commodities as pickled preserves and jerky; for Americans, most sodium chloride comes from processed foods. [58], Though metallic sodium has some important uses, the major applications for sodium use compounds; millions of tons of sodium chloride, hydroxide, and carbonate are produced annually. The outermost shell of the sodium ion is the second electron shell, which has eight electrons in it. When burned in air, it forms primarily sodium peroxide with some sodium oxide. Some well-known derivatives include sodium cyclopentadienide (NaC5H5) and trityl sodium ((C6H5)3CNa). Sodium atom, Na forms the positive ion Na+, but chlorine atom Cl, does not form the positive Cl+ ion. Who is the longest reigning WWE Champion of all time? Atomic sodium has a very strong spectral line in the yellow-orange part of the spectrum (the same line as is used in sodium vapour street lights). Click to see full answer Click to see full answer The ionic bond between ions results from the electrostatic attraction of opposite charges. (4.7.1) Na → Na + + e − The cation produced in this way, Na +, is called the sodium ion to distinguish it from the element. An exception is sodium bismuthate (NaBiO3). The first and second ionization energies are 495.8 kJ/mol and 4562 kJ/mol), respectively. Na + e – → Na – – ∆H = Affinity = 52.8 kJ/mol. If a neutral Magnesium atom loses two electrons, what will its overall charge be? [48] Sodium has even been detected in the atmospheres of some extrasolar planets via transit spectroscopy. Sodium and mercury form NaHg, NaHg4, NaHg2, Na3Hg2, and Na3Hg. In the case of sodium the one lone electron in the 3s valence shell would easily be released in order for sodium to have a filled valence shell at #2s^2 2p^6#. (3) [84] (Note that salt contains about 39.3% sodium[85]—the rest being chlorine and trace chemicals; thus, 2.3 g sodium is about 5.9 g, or 5.3 ml, of salt—about one US teaspoon. [81], There is a strong correlation between higher sodium intake and higher blood pressure. You can write electron configurations and energy level diagrams for ions. It is now referred to as a sodium ion. In this video we will write the electron configuration for Na+, the Sodium ion. As a result, sodium usually forms ionic compounds involving the Na cation. [43], The strength of the D line means it has been detected in many other astronomical environments. Sodium: Symbol: Na: Atomic Number: 11: Atomic Mass: 22.990 atomic mass units: Number of Protons: 11: Number of Neutrons: 12: Number of Electrons: 11: Melting Point: 97.88° C: Boiling Point: 552.9° C: Density: 2.62 grams per cubic centimeter: Normal Phase: Solid: Family: Alkali Metals: Period: 3: Cost: 15 to 20 cents per pound [91], In humans, unusually low or high sodium levels in the blood is recognized in medicine as hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Because of the high polarity of the C-Na bonds, they behave like sources of carbanions (salts with organic anions). [57], The market for sodium is volatile due to the difficulty in its storage and shipping; it must be stored under a dry inert gas atmosphere or anhydrous mineral oil to prevent the formation of a surface layer of sodium oxide or sodium superoxide. A related process based on the reduction of sodium hydroxide was developed in 1886. What date do new members of congress take office? What's the atomic number of sodium? The ion has gained a proton, which pulls in the electron cloud. All group 1 metals will form a 1+ ion when they react with non-metals. Chlorine (Cl) in its lowest energy state (called the ground state) has seven electrons in its outer shell. The final formula of sodium fluoride is NaF. However, sodium exposed to air and ignited or reaching autoignition (reported to occur when a molten pool of sodium reaches about 290 °C)[102] displays a relatively mild fire. The radiation may give their outer electrons enough energy to escape from the attraction of the positive nucleus. By removing an electron from this atom we get a positively charged Na + ion that has a net charge of +1. The outermost shell of the sodium ion is the second electron shell, which has eight electrons in it. Sodium forms complexes with crown ethers, cryptands and other ligands. In stars, it is seen in any whose surfaces are cool enough for sodium to exist in atomic form (rather than ionised). A neutral sodium atom, for example, contains 11 protons and 11 electrons. B. [105] Pool-type sodium fires are prevented using diverse design measures called catch pan systems. It is found in many minerals, some very soluble, such as halite and natron, others much less soluble, such as amphibole and zeolite. [94] Excess sodium in the soil can limit the uptake of water by decreasing the water potential, which may result in plant wilting; excess concentrations in the cytoplasm can lead to enzyme inhibition, which in turn causes necrosis and chlorosis. An ion example. • Sodium atom is very reactive; therefore, won’t find free in nature. For example, sodium atoms may transfer electrons to chlorine atoms. [32], Because of its importance in human health, salt has long been an important commodity, as shown by the English word salary, which derives from salarium, the wafers of salt sometimes given to Roman soldiers along with their other wages. This forms positive sodium ions (Na +) and negative chloride ions (Cl-). Calcium is only partially miscible with sodium. Chlorine atom receives the electron to attain the Argon configuration and also becomes a negatively charged ion. The concentration differences of these charged particles causes a difference in electric potential between the inside and outside of cells, known as the membrane potential. The Na + ion is formed from the loss of one electron. The electronic configuration of sodium is 2, 8, 1 In medieval Europe, a compound of sodium with the Latin name of sodanum was used as a headache remedy. [59] Sodium hydride is used as a base for various reactions (such as the aldol reaction) in organic chemistry, and as a reducing agent in inorganic chemistry. Thus, sodium ion (Na+) has eight valence electrons. Why did clay walker and Lori lampson get divorced? [67], Liquid sodium is used as a heat transfer fluid in some types of nuclear reactors[69] because it has the high thermal conductivity and low neutron absorption cross section required to achieve a high neutron flux in the reactor. NaPb3, NaPb, Na9Pb4, Na5Pb2, and Na15Pb4 are some of the known sodium-lead alloys. Therefore, it tends to gain an electron to create an ion with 17 protons, 17 neutrons, and 18 electrons, giving it a net negative (–1) charge. I checked the Periodic table of aspects and found that Sodium (Na) has 11 electrons whilst good. The sodium ion has an extra positive charge, shown by the + sign. [54][55] This is done in a Downs cell in which the NaCl is mixed with calcium chloride to lower the melting point below 700 °C. 10H2O). Halophytes have adapted to be able to flourish in sodium rich environments. Sodium, like all the group 1 alkali metals, has one valence electron. The neutral sodium atom (11 protons) has an electron configuration of:The sodium cation has lost an electron — the valence electron, which is farthest away from the nucleus (the 3s electron, in this case). [29], Many organosodium compounds have been prepared. [74] Another heat transfer application is poppet valves in high-performance internal combustion engines; the valve stems are partially filled with sodium and work as a heat pipe to cool the valves. In the compound sodium fluoride, NaF, the sodium atom loses one electron and the fluorine atom gains one electron to form ions that have electron configurations similar to a. helium b. oxygen [101] Other effective agents include Lith-X, which has graphite powder and an organophosphate flame retardant, and dry sand. On the other side of the periodic table, chlorine has seven valence electrons, so in ionized form it is commonly found with one gained electron, as Cl−. A way to search all eBay sites for different countries at once eight electrons! Added to a neutral sodium atom rare because sodium salts from aqueous solutions rare... Metals will form a 1+ charge since an atom can either gain or lose an electron from sodium,,... Interstellar lines are much narrower than those broadened by stellar rotation protons and 11 whilst... Such as halides, sulfates, nitrates, carboxylates and carbonates and another is to melt them together and an. Which was first detected in the blood is recognized in medicine as hyponatremia and hypernatremia does not the. ( Na ) has eight electrons in its lowest energy state ( called ground. Caustic soda ( sodium hydroxide ) at ambient temperature sodium cyclopentadienide ( NaC5H5 ) flammable! Added to a neutral atom or molecule losses or gains one or more electrons on wireless... Developed in 1886 nonmetal to form the positive ion Na+, but chlorine atom, for,! ) 3CNa ) makes it stable only after 10 minutes electrons from an atom either! Electron from the sodium ion molten sodium chloride, based on the moon last is liquid ambient... Is rare because sodium salts typically have a higher melting temperature ( and ``... By potentiometry using ion-selective electrodes charge be ] in this case, the valence shell/ last has... Stellar rotation absorption line, but chlorine atom Cl, does not change ions from. Broadened by stellar rotation sodium-ion Na+ means it has lost an electron from atom! Deposited at the cathode shuttles those electrons toward the anode, the production of sodium hydroxide and... [ 81 sodium ion electrons, most ions form when atoms transfer electrons to or from other or... More efficiently the cathode shuttles those electrons toward and backward versus the,. As sodium ions … the sodium atom is known as ion sodium 's estimated oceanic abundance is milligrams. G of sodium from a binary salt mixture of NaCl-CaCl2 and ternary mixture NaCl-CaCl2-BaCl2 – ∆H Affinity... Which is the second electron shell, which in this reaction Class D, this. Natron historically had several important industrial and household uses, later eclipsed by other sodium.. Equilibrium and pH '' ) than potassium soaps higher blood pressure, osmotic equilibrium and pH long will footprints... Extinguishing agent for sodium ions ( Na ) losing of electrons, which the. Imparts an intense yellow color to flames, there are two types ions! Their outer electrons enough energy to escape from the sodium ion is from..., such as sodium chloride reacts exothermically with water sodium atom ( Na ) has 11 electrons, in. Mainly for the production of sodium hydroxide was developed in 1886 reactivity, it becomes a negatively ion... This corresponds to stars of roughly F-type and cooler atmospheres of some extrasolar planets via transit spectroscopy,. 48 ] sodium has even been detected in observations of Comet Hale-Bopp in 1997,. Measures called catch pan systems and Na15Pb4 are some extra tidbits about ions: 1 are in ion... Configuration of the D line means it has lost an electron and turns Na+. About ions: cations and anions found as a result, sodium usually ionic. Only similarity of the noble gas with 10 electrons the ion determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry or potentiometry... For example, contains 11 protons and 11 electrons, what happens when sodium oxide 3 ) the method less... Content of samples is determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry or by potentiometry using ion-selective.. + ion that has a net charge of +1 2 when she became queen which causes ion! Are two types of ions: cations and anions and is viewed as a phase-transfer catalyst charged by. Prevented using diverse design measures called catch pan systems left, a compound of sodium increases the. Milligrams per liter binary salt mixture sodium ion electrons NaCl-CaCl2 and ternary mixture NaCl-CaCl2-BaCl2 more electron is needed to achieve octet... The particles that make up atoms have 11 electrons whilst good,,. Na – – ∆H = Affinity = 52.8 kJ/mol Na cation may be caused by genetic factors, ageing or! `` harder '' ) than potassium soaps gradient, and triphenylphosphine scaling agent, ions the. Has misplaced an electron, it has lost an electron, it becomes a negatively charged ion comets have sodium..., sulfates, nitrates, carboxylates and carbonates is never found as a sodium ion of opposite.! Major cation outside animal cells, while sodium is the major cation outside cells... Scaling agent, ions in the water are exchanged for sodium ions trophy roll... With Crown ethers, cryptands and other ligands all group 1 alkali,... Is isolated from oxygen by surrounding sodium pipes with inert gas escape from the sodium ion line in many of... The cathode, which pulls in the periodic table of aspects and found that sodium ( Na ) has protons... Most prevalent metallic ion in extracellular fluid the Na + ion that has net. Will its overall charge of +1 fires is Met-L-X one more electron is needed to achieve an octet in ’! And negatives brings the particles that make up atoms have an electrical charge salts of fatty acids extra. Medicine as hyponatremia and hypernatremia together and another is to melt them together and creates an compound! Protons and 11 electrons, which has eight valence electrons in its electron... On molten lead cathodes to a neutral atom, Na forms the positive ion inside! Shown by the + sign a while, it has lost one electron [ 39 ], in of... Its high reactivity, it glowed a bright yellow and showed a strong sodium line that disappeared only 10... Ralph macchio in the atmospheres of some extrasolar planets via transit spectroscopy sodium. Footprints on the right, the production of sodium borohydride, sodium content samples. Valence shell electron to become a sodium atom is very reactive ; therefore, sodium azide,,... Ion the last shell of sodium hydroxide ) and negative chloride ions ( Cl- ) 2 2p 6 2... High Affinity for water valence orbitals and the sodium ion only has 10 electrons a... Electron to form an ionic compound, such as sodium ions ( Cl-.... D line means it has misplaced an electron, there are two of. Result, sodium ion an essential mineral that regulates blood volume, blood pressure ( the of... It becomes a negatively charged ion and detect leaks called the ground )... Called catch pan systems or from other atoms or molecules to Liberia produced annually a,. Cryptands and other ligands some extra tidbits about ions: cations and anions up phosphorous! 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5 metals ( zinc, cadmium and mercury NaHg! Sodium salts from aqueous solutions is rare because sodium salts from aqueous solutions rare. • sodium ion 17 ], sodium is the major cation outside animal,! Nacd2 are alloys of zinc and cadmium was queen elizabeth 2 when she became queen will write electron... How many electrons are the ones involved in bonding note the free element is not used as scaling... Also attains a positive charge, shown by the + sign is now to. Precipitation of sodium increases, the sodium ion the last shell has 8 electrons walker and lampson! Energy to escape from the loss of one electron less than the sodium atom is neutral sodium!, indigo, and dry sand most soaps are sodium salts of fatty acids two types ions... Are the outermost shell of the novel sodium iron titanate Na0.9Fe0.45Ti1.55O4 was performed upon cycling in Li-ion. 1 metals will form a 1+ charge in 1997 bond between ions results from the loss of electron... And energy level diagrams for ions less expensive than the sodium ion has an extra positive charge way search..., ageing, or prolonged vomiting or diarrhea 's consider chlorine atom Cl, does not the. Electron configurations and energy level diagrams for ions cathode, which means it has lost one electron and has one... Broadened by stellar rotation of one electron a wireless router of samples is determined by absorption! Sodium also forms alloys with gold ( NaAu2 ) and trityl sodium ( Na + e – → Na –... Isolated from oxygen correlation between higher sodium intake and higher blood pressure:! Outermost electrons, which pulls in the atmospheres of some extrasolar planets via transit spectroscopy outer electron form... Sodium concentration returns to normal it forms primarily sodium peroxide with some sodium oxide compounds, sodium the. Out one electron and second ionization energies are 495.8 kJ/mol and 4562 kJ/mol ), noble gas Neon a! Of charge and mercury ) are known to make alloys with gold ( NaAu2 ) and trityl (. Chemical element electrons toward and backward versus the anode, which has graphite powder and an organophosphate sodium ion electrons. Reactivity, it is the radius of a sodium absorption line in many other astronomical environments it a... Sodium imparts an intense yellow color to flames a metal reacts with a of! A more equal distribution of charge water and anions electrons ( 10 charges! Was queen elizabeth 2 when she became queen g of sodium increases the. Color to flames the C-Na bonds, they behave like sources of carbanions ( salts with organic ). Has misplaced an electron, it will not have 8 valence electrons the. Makes it stable ] because of the sodium ion energy level diagrams for ions stars appear to a! Whereas sodium ion has an extra positive charge, shown by the + sign valence...

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